Elements+of+research

 ** Tamara’s components in research in relation to the article **  It is important to mention that within research comes, preparation, collection of data, Data Analysis, design and referencing. Most commonly the basic components research involves include the following:  **Problem:** One is to state the problem preferably with statistics  In the Article “Amnestic effects in mice of four synthetic peptides homologous to amyloid B protein from patients with Alzheimer disease” the above components of research can be applied. The problem is memory lose known as Alzheimer disease. Abstract talks about how the mice were injected with a synthetic peptide homologous to B protein of the brain amyloid and the effects it had on the mice, comparing results to Alzheimer’s disease. Hypothesis is that amyloid beta protein could potentially be the cause of Alzheimer’s. Method was experimental on the subjects (mice) and Quantitative. Results Beta-amyloid caused amnesia in the mice that were studied. Conclusion Amyloid beta protein have amnestic effects in mice, more research needs to be done.  Brenda’s components involved in research:  The article provided was more of a brief abstract and did not include essential information in order to form a personal or professional opinion on the outcome or need for further research.  Missing from the article was:  A Research Question  Hypothesis  Study Sample: how many mice?  Method  Data analysis  Results  Discussion  Conclusions  I believe the article makes for an interesting news paper story but does not provide any hard evidence to a correlation.
 * Abstract:** History of the topic with information and purpose of the study, summarization.
 * Hypothesis:** proposed explanations for observable possibility of the experiment/research.
 * Method:** Popular methods used in research include exploratory, Empirical, Qualitative or Quantitative research.
 * Result:** The outcome of the research, providing the details.
 * Conclusion:** Summarizing the research and providing further discussion topics or possible expectation/research to come.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Lucas’ idea on research components: (scientific research) <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">In the artical the researcher found that when they injected mice with beta-amyloid they lost their memory. This could be research question. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. The problem <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Researcher must identify the problem that has been observed and find out what is the problem. (losing memory when beta-amhyloid was injected into the mice) <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Researcher must also figure out if there is research done on the subject and find all similar research and experiments. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Researcher than must come up with hypothesis to prove or dispute the hypothesis. (researcher wants to know if beta-amhyloid does contribute to memeory loss) <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Designing and Experiment methods. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. In this component, researcher must figure out how he/she want to conduct experiment and list out all the procedure and methods <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Researcher must come up these variables e.g. Independent variable, dependent variables and control variable. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Researcher must conduct the experiment and make sure it can be replicated. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. Record the data collected. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Result <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Once the data is collected and experiment is done, there must be analysis for the data collected and state any and all information about the data <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. Conclusion. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Once analysis is completed, researcher must find out if conclusion proves the hypothesis or dispute the hypothesis or need further research. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">This information was from biology 1010 from UOIT. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">References <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Tavares, A., 2010, BIOL 1010U Tutorial #3-Assignment, Biology 1010u, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Summer 2010. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Take a look at this website, this site shows the research components. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">[]

__**Aimee's submission on Compoents of Research.**__

According to Wikipedia Components of Research(n.d.) different components involved in research are: <!--[if gte mso 10]> Making observations - according to data the researchers identifies that Alzheimer disease may be link to defects in the degradation of amyloid precursor protein. Developing a hypothesis - Further the researchers identify through data that Amyloid beta protein may a product of this defect maybe the cause of the amnesic effects of Alzheimers. Testing the hypothesis - By injecting mice with amyloid B protein the researchers are able to test their hypothesis Explaining the outcomes - This is the results and discussion part of research where in this article the results of the tests on the mice were given meaning through statistics and in the discussion part how the information is useful or not useful in supporting the hypothesis. In this case research conclude more research needs to be done because in comparing alzheimers which issue with the primary or working memory, this testing is testing secondary or long-term memory. References Wikipedia. (n.d.). Components of Research. Retrieved September 26, 2010 from []
 * 1) Making observations
 * 2) Prediction or development of a hypothesis
 * 3) Testing or proving the hypothesis
 * 4) Explaining or Discussing the outcomes

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">** Elements of Research ** <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">//Sunshine Hung// <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Decide an area of interest <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Conduct a literature review to find out what other researchers have found in your area of interest <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Narrow down your literature review to determine a research question <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. Determine a hypothesis based on the literature review <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">5. Design the research study that is to be conducted: <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Is it going to be quantitative, qualitative, mixed or analytical? <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;">i. If it is quantitative is it going to be experimental or non-experimental? <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. If it is experimental, are there going to be subjects? How many subjects? Do the subjects need to sign a consent form? Is there going to be an experimental and control group? Where is the experiment going to occur? How is the experiment going to be conducted? What materials are required for the experiment? What steps are involved in the experiment? How is data going to be collected and stored? <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;">ii. If it is qualitative is it going to be based on case studies? Or is it going to be ethnographic? Or is it going to be a critical study? <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. How many cases are going to be studied? Is this going to be primary or secondary research? Do you need consent from the people in the cases? What questions or information is being gathered for this study? <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;">iii. If it is a mix method study is it explanatory, exploratory or a triangulation study? <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;">iv. If it is an analytical study, what is going to be studied? A concept, something in history or a policy? <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">6. Complete a //Research and Ethics Board// Application <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">7. Apply for grants for funding if necessary <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">8. Conduct the approved research study <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">9. Collect data from the research study <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">10. Analyze data (i.e. statistical analysis, coding, creating transcripts from interviews, etc…) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">11. Determine what results to your research question have transpired through the analysis of data <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">12. Consider what implication the results from your research question may have <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">13. Reflect on what limitations there were on the study, as well as ways to improve future research as well as areas or questions for future research on this topic <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">14. Conclude on the basic elements and results of the research conducted

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">15. Write up the research study in a scientific manner <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">16. Submit to journals. If it is something the journal is interested it and is published, other researchers may use this study to further their own research. Although the process of having an article published in a journal requires a lot of peer evaluation and revisions, the whole process of research is to share the knowledge discovered to further humanity.

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">//Discussion about the article// __Memory Loss in Mice__ //published in the __New York Times__// <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> Only a few of the elements of research were displayed. Mainly, only a rough method was provided, (“injecting fragments of a brain protein called beta-amyloid into the brains of mice”) as well as brief results (“mammals to forget chores they had just been taught”) and extrapolation for the conclusion (“Amnestic effects in mice of four synthetic peptides homologous to amyloid B protein from patients with Alzheimer’s disease… first correlation between the presence of beta-amyloid in the brain and the loss of memory.”). <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> It is difficult to determine whether this research is of value without fully reading the study. It was published in a journal, which probably means it has been peer-reviewed. However this newspaper article is very vague and extrapolates some very large conclusions from a fuzzy procedure and indefinite results. Reading other research studies on topics related to this research study as well as trying to replicate the study may further aid in the credibility of this study. <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Joseph’s view on components involved in research (scientific Methods) **__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Researchers must ask questions of why, how they are related, hypotheses, and theories. After reading the research article, I must say, in my opinion, the research was vague, not introducing the importance of research, rather sample of quick minute update. The researcher must take several logical steps and answer a specific question. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">The problems are: <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Observations related study was conducted prior or become aware of, ask questions, or hypothesis. 2. Design and conduct the experiment (which indicated on National Academy of science vol 88 p 3363 April 1991, Neurobiology) missing test subject (how many mice, different size, male or female) <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Compare predicted result to experimental result (result is found but, as far as I see, there is no proof to back it up, accept conditionally mice keep forget the task) <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Possible outcomes (should of be more define of answers) <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hypothesis is supported falsified or partially supported (any cure for the mice or what is result, and find the how to correct?) <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Conclusion, after the experiment or research, must have solid or good conclusion. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Reference <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Tavares, A., 2010, BIOL 1010U Tutorial #3-Assignment, Biology 1010u, UOIT, Summer of 2010. <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">

=<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Mary Mok - Elements of Research =

As indicated in Fig 2.2 (pg. 28) in the textbook assigned for this course, both quantitative and qualitative research reports include the following elements:
 * 1) Title and Authors
 * 2) Abstract
 * 3) Introduction and Statement of the Problem
 * 4) Review of Literature *
 * 5) Research Question *
 * 6) Method and Design *
 * 7) Results *
 * 8) Discussion
 * 9) Conclusions
 * 10) References

However, these reports are distinguished as either quantitative or qualitative by the asterisked elements above; specifically numbered four (review of literature) to seven (results).

In regards to the article discussed in class, the report is quantitative based on further analysis into the actual newspaper article, and not the abstract itself. A literature review was not mentioned, however the research hypotheses was determined. Method and design included test animals (mice) as subjects, polypeptides tested, apparatus, training, and testing procedures. Finally, results included mainly statistical data. <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">

__**Evelyn Moreau - Elements of Research**__
 * 1) An **idea** or an issue requiring research is identified.
 * 2) **Literature review** or consult experts in the field:
 * Develop background.
 * Identify missing information to establish study objective.
 * State research question/problem.
 * 1) Formulate **hypothesis**.
 * 2) Choose most appropriate **study design**:
 * Quantitative/qualitative.
 * Method.
 * Participants/sample.
 * Variables.
 * Measurement.
 * 1) Investigate **funding sources**:
 * Examine goals/mission of different organizations to determine best fit for your study objective.
 * 1) Prepare **grant application**.
 * 2) **Prepare** to perform the study:
 * REB application if necessary.
 * Informed consent for participants.
 * Gather testing materials.
 * 1) **Perform study:**
 * Generate data.
 * 1) Derive **statistics:**
 * Consult expert if necessary.
 * 1) **Interpret** results:
 * Implications.
 * Significance.
 * 1) **Conclusions**:
 * Recommendations.
 * 1) **Publish** findings:
 * Share findings to build knowledge base about the subject.
 * Suggest further research on the subject.


 * Teresa Ripley - Elements of Research**

In order to conduct research, the following steps must be taken:
 * Forming Research Question** - the researcher must have an idea of what type of question they want to answer.


 * Literature Review** - the researcher must conduct a literature review and determine what studies have been done previously and what still needs to be done in relation to their chosen topic.


 * Hypothesis** - the researcher must develop and state their hypothesis to be tested. The research will either prove or disprove the hypothesis.
 * Prepare paperwork -** once the researcher has a planned research designs and knows what type of research they will be conducting, they must obtain consent to begin. This may include informed consent from the subjects they will be obtaining data from, applications for funding if required, REB applications etc.

they will be obtaining data from, applications for funding if required, REB applications etc.
 * Research Design** - the researcher must design the research/ experiment in order to answer the questions they are intending to answer. Depending on the type of question, there will be different research design options.


 * Methods and Materials -** the researcher must put together the necessary materials required for the experiment / study and clearly define each step in the study design (so readers of the study would know exactly how the study was performed).


 * Data Collection -** following the methods, the researcher would perform the study and collect all necessary data.


 * Data Analysis -** the researcher would use the collected data and interpret the findings using whatever statistical methods fit the study design.


 * Discussion** - the reseracher identifies that the purpose of the study has been reached and discusses the findings obtained through the research and data analysis.


 * Conclusion** - the researcher states the results of the study. Mention should also be made of any limitations to the study, and recommend what further research needs to be conducted.


 * References -** all sources referenced for the study and discussed in the conclusions should be given. This includes references used in the literature review and research of the chosen topic.


 * Publishing -** the researcher shares the information learned through the study with others.

As far as the article discussed in class goes, many of the steps necessary are presented in the actual article, however some are not discussed with enough detail, which leaves the reader unsure of the actual methods used in order to obtain the results.

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Alona Chekhunova:

<span style="display: block; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">1. What are the different components involved in research? Make reference to the article discussed in class. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">﻿ The main components involved in research are: <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">- Proper literature review of the topic being investigated (The article states in the introductory page that much data suggest that in Alzheimer disease (AD) there may be genetically and/or environmentally induced defects in the enzymatic machinery involved in degradation of amyloid precursor protein.) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">-State the research problem, question or hypothesis ( in the article it says that the extent of Amyloid Beta Protein deposition correlates with the degree of neuronal damage) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">-Decide on design and methodology ( in the article CD-1 male mice obtained from Charles River Breeding Laboratories, and the Mice were assigned randomly to groups of 15 and were trained and tested between the hours of 0700 and 1500.) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">-Collect the data, analyze and present results (In the article Results are expressed in terms of the mean and SEM. The overall significance of the peptide treatment was etermined by a one-way or two-way analysis of variance or Student's t test, etc.)

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">-Interpret findings and state the conclusion (In the article it says that Depending on conditions, Amyloid Beta Protein has been found to exert both toxic and trophic effects on cells in culture, and were found to be amnestic in mice.) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Kate Biggart: <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">The components involved in research: <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">1) Identify a problem <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">2) Form a research question <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">3) Form the Hypothesis <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">4) Perform a liturature review <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">5) Create the study design <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">6) Carry out the experiment <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">7) Collect data <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">8) Perform Data analysis <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">9) State the conclusions and implications for future research <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">--- <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">__**Mohammed Javaid - Different components involved in research**__ <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">
 * Introduce and describe the issue - In the study "**Memory Loss in Mice**" published in the New York Times, Eugene Roberts is researching Alzheimer's disease in mice, which can be eventually related to humans.


 * Develop your hypotheses - our proposal which we will test and confirm its validity. The hypothesis was not clearly shared with the reader in this particular abstract.


 * Methodology - In this area, the researcher describes in detail the way he is conducting his research. It is important that the researcher be as detailed as possible so others can follow his steps after him. For example, information describing his sample size etc. would be listed under this category. Being simply the abstract which was studied in class, the methodology was not discussed in detail. However, a brief description of the sample was given -- mice; and that fragments of a brain protein called beta-amyloid were injected into the brains of mice as part of this study.


 * Discussion - Using the findings of research, this is where we would explain our results in detail and state if further research is required to follow. In the New York Times article, the researcher discovered that injecting a particular brain protein into the brains of mice caused them to forget what they had just been taught -- showing a correlation between Alzheimer's and having beta-amyloid protein in the brain of mice.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">**The New York Times abstract discussed above does not provide in-depth details on the study. However, the original article titled __"Amnestic effects in mice of four synthetic peptides homologous to amyloid 18 protein from patients with Alzheimer disease"__ provides a better example of satisfying the necessary elements of research.** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">--- <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">__**Rayhan Quraishi - Different Components involved in research**__ <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;"> Abstract **- Summarize in one paragraph major aspects of the whole paper including question, method used, experimental design, major findings, interpretations and conclusions.**
 * Conclusion - Lastly, we briefly summarize our entire research and findings while making reference to our hypothesis.

Problem **– What is the problem being investigated? Cite only primary research journals.**

Research Question **– The question you are trying to answer when you do research.**

Hypothesis **-** A statement that can be proved or disproved. The research question can become a hypothesis when it turned into a statement.

Materials and Methods **– How you carried out your study, describe structure and organization of study. Describe organisms used in the study and where it was conducted.**
 * Describe experimental design clearly and hypothesis you tested, control vs. treatment. **

Result **-** Present your key results without any interpretations. In this section, you can use tables and figures. Text should be objective and concise. Here, provide as much information on nature of differences, magnitude and directionality.

Discussion **-** Interpret results in this section using what was already known about subject of investigation. Explain new understanding taking your results into consideration. Also mention what are next steps/experiments needed in this subject area. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;"> **Literature Citation** – Alphabetical listing of the references used in the body of the research paper. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;"> Elements of Research Sandra Giles

Investigate and review: the researcher must investigate the topic and become knowledgeable on the issues and previous experiments preformed on this topic Purpose: generally describe your topic and the purpose of your research, including why it is significant and what you intend to argue Definitions: provide definitions of terms that will need to be understood in order to understand research Hypothesis: this is your proposed explanation that you plan to test to determine whether it is true or false Methods: provide an in depth explanation of your procedure, test sample, step by step instructions on what you did Data collection and analysis – now the researcher collects the data to than perform the analysis and determine what the findings of the experiment were Discussion – develop your argument based upon your findings Conclusion – summarize your findings and discussion References – state all references used The “mice” article used many of these steps, however, they were not discussed in as much detail as necessary.

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